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Decentralized Finance

General concept · Networks & Protocol Infrastructure · Pegs, Liquidity & Market Structure · Last reviewed: September 2026

Decentralized finance, or DeFi, refers to financial services delivered through blockchain-based applications and smart contracts, with substantial parts of transaction execution governed by software.

Explanation

DeFi applications include trading, lending, borrowing, derivatives, collateral management, and liquidity provision. Users often interact directly with smart contracts through wallets, while governance, interfaces, oracles, developers, and token holders can still exercise important forms of control. Stablecoins are widely used within DeFi as trading pairs, collateral, borrowed assets, and settlement instruments.

Boundaries

DeFi can reduce reliance on conventional intermediaries for transaction execution, but the systems can retain concentrated governance, oracle, developer, or infrastructure dependencies.

Why it matters

DeFi is a major source of stablecoin demand and creates additional layers of smart-contract, liquidity, governance, and composability risk.

Example

A decentralized exchange can allow users to swap stablecoins through an automated liquidity pool governed by smart-contract rules.

Related terms

Sources

  1. Sirio Aramonte, Wenqian Huang, and Andreas Schrimpf. DeFi Risks and the Decentralisation Illusion. Bank for International Settlements, BIS Quarterly Review, December 2021, 2021. Institutional research (authors' views)
  2. The Future Monetary System. Bank for International Settlements, BIS Annual Economic Report 2022, Chapter III, 2022. Institutional analysis
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